Understanding Metastatic Spinal Tumors
Metastatic spinal tumors occur when cancer cells spread from their original site to the spine. They are far more common than primary spinal tumors and represent a serious complication of advanced cancer. The spine is particularly vulnerable because of its rich blood supply, which allows circulating cancer cells to settle and grow.
Most metastatic spinal tumors originate from cancers of the breast, lung, prostate, kidney, or thyroid. Once cancer cells lodge in the vertebrae, they can weaken bone structure, compress the spinal cord, and interfere with nerve function. This can lead to pain, neurological deficits, and reduced mobility.
Symptoms often begin with persistent back pain that worsens at night or during rest. As the tumor grows, patients may experience numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, or loss of bladder and bowel control. These symptoms indicate spinal cord compression, a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
Diagnosis involves imaging studies such as MRI, CT scans, and bone scans to assess tumor location and extent. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, preserving neurological function, and maintaining spinal stability. Management may include radiation therapy, surgery, systemic cancer treatments, and supportive care.
Early detection and multidisciplinary treatment are critical in improving quality of life and preventing irreversible damage.